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A space telescope orbits outside Earth’s atmosphere, avoiding distortion by air and pollution. The Hubble Space Telescope (launched 1990) has taken detailed images of galaxies, nebulae, and planets. It has helped prov...
Chandrayaan is India’s lunar mission. Chandrayaan-1 (2008) discovered water molecules on the Moon. Chandrayaan-2 (2019) aimed to land near the south pole but partially failed. Chandrayaan-3 (2023) successfully landed...
A space probe is an unmanned spacecraft sent beyond Earth to collect data. Examples include Voyager, which explored outer planets, and New Horizons, which flew past Pluto. Space probes expand our knowledge without ris...
Mars appears red because its surface is rich in iron oxide (rust), which reflects red light. Mars is also of interest because scientists believe it once had water and may support life in the future
Starlight passes through Earth’s atmosphere, which contains moving layers of air at different temperatures and densities. These layers bend the light irregularly, making stars appear to twinkle. This effect is called...
Black holes are regions in space with gravity so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They are formed when massive stars collapse after a supernova explosion. Black holes cannot be seen directly but are de...
Comets are icy celestial bodies that orbit the Sun in elongated orbits. When near the Sun, their ice vaporizes, forming a glowing head and long tail pointing away from the Sun due to solar wind. Famous example: Halley...
Asteroids: Small rocky bodies orbiting the Sun, mainly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Meteors: Small rocks entering Earth’s atmosphere, burning due to friction, seen as “shooting stars....
Rockets work on Newton’s Third Law of Motion: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. They expel hot gases at high speed through their engines, and in reaction, the rocket moves forward. This works...
Astronauts orbit Earth inside spacecraft that are in continuous free fall. Both the astronauts and the spacecraft fall at the same rate due to gravity. This creates a sensation of weightlessness, even though gravity i...
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