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· Universe: Most abundant element, main component of stars.· Industrial uses:o Synthesis of ammonia (Haber’s process)o Hydrogenation of oilso Used in fuel cells o Roc...
Rules:· O = –2, H = +1, element in free state = 0· Sum of oxidation numbers = charge on speciesIn Cr₂O₇²⁻: Let oxidation number of Cr = x2x+7(–2)=–2⇒2x–14=–2⇒x=+6 So, Cr = +6
Types of Systems:· Open system: Exchange of matter and energy (e.g., open container)· Closed system: Only energy exchange (e.g., closed bottle)· Isolated system: No exchange (e.g., thermos f...
From Boyle’s, Charles’, and Avogadro’s Laws:PV=nRTWhere:· P: Pressure· V: Volume· n: Number of moles· R: Gas constant· T: Temperature (in Kelvin)...
Ionization enthalpy: Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom.Trends:· Across a period: Increases due to increased nuclear charge and smaller size.· Down a group: Decreases due to in...
Bohr’s Model:· Electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed orbits (energy levels).· Energy is absorbed/emitted when electrons jump between levels.· Angular momentum is quantized: mvr=nh2πmvr...
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed. ΔU=q+w
At constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. P∝1/V
O=C=O (Each O shares 2 electrons with C)
Because they have completely filled valence shells and are already stable.
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