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Define ionization enthalpy. How does it vary across a period and down a group? Explain with reasons.

Class: Class 11 Subject: Chemistry Topic: Thermodynamics

Ionization enthalpy: Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom.

Trends:

·         Across a period: Increases due to increased nuclear charge and smaller size.

·         Down a group: Decreases due to increased atomic size and shielding effect.

Example:
Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F < Ne (increasing trend across period)

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