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Green Chemistry: Designing chemical processes/products to reduce hazardous substances.Principles:· Prevent waste· Use renewable materials· Energy efficiency· Safer chemicalsImportance...
Preparation: From sodium acetate:CH3COONa+NaOH→CH4+Na2CO3Properties:· Burns in air to form CO₂ and H₂O· Substitution reactions with halogens · Incomplete combustion → CO for...
· High boiling point and specific heat· Maximum density at 4°C· High surface tension and viscosity· Excellent solvent· Forms hydrogen bonds → unusual behavior...
· Universe: Most abundant element, main component of stars.· Industrial uses:o Synthesis of ammonia (Haber’s process)o Hydrogenation of oilso Used in fuel cells o Roc...
Rules:· O = –2, H = +1, element in free state = 0· Sum of oxidation numbers = charge on speciesIn Cr₂O₇²⁻: Let oxidation number of Cr = x2x+7(–2)=–2⇒2x–14=–2⇒x=+6 So, Cr = +6
Types of Systems:· Open system: Exchange of matter and energy (e.g., open container)· Closed system: Only energy exchange (e.g., closed bottle)· Isolated system: No exchange (e.g., thermos f...
From Boyle’s, Charles’, and Avogadro’s Laws:PV=nRTWhere:· P: Pressure· V: Volume· n: Number of moles· R: Gas constant· T: Temperature (in Kelvin)...
Ionization enthalpy: Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom.Trends:· Across a period: Increases due to increased nuclear charge and smaller size.· Down a group: Decreases due to in...
Bohr’s Model:· Electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed orbits (energy levels).· Energy is absorbed/emitted when electrons jump between levels.· Angular momentum is quantized: mvr=nh2πmvr...
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed. ΔU=q+w
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