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· SN1: Two-step (formation of carbocation), seen in 3° haloalkanes· SN2: One-step, backside attack, inversion of configuration Example: CH3CH2Br+OH−→CH3CH2OH+Br−
Lanthanide contraction is the gradual decrease in atomic/ionic size across the lanthanide series due to poor shielding by 4f electrons. Consequences:· Similar sizes of 4d and 5d elements · Dif...
· Primary valency = oxidation state (ionisable)· Secondary valency = coordination number (non-ionisable)Example:[Co(NH3)6]Cl3 Cl⁻ are outside (primary), NH₃ inside coordination sphere...
· Enzyme (E) binds with substrate (S) to form ES complex · ES → Products + Enzyme This lowers the activation energy and increases reaction speed.
When solutes associate or dissociate in solution, observed molar mass ≠ expected. Van’t Hoff factor:i=Observed colligative property / Calculated colligative property Used to correct the molar mass calcula...
Because ketones lack the –CHO group required to reduce Tollens’ reagent.
A heterogeneous system with dispersed particles (1–1000 nm) in a dispersion medium. Example: Milk (liquid in liquid)
· Antacids: Neutralize excess acid (e.g., Mg(OH)₂) · Antihistamines: Block histamine receptors to prevent allergy (e.g., cetirizine)
Sugars that can reduce Tollens’ or Fehling’s reagent (have free aldehyde/ketone). Examples: Glucose, fructose, maltose
Due to higher electronegativity of halogens, the bond is polar (partial positive on C, negative on X).
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