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From the 19th century, the British carried out detailed surveys in India to collect information about land, crops, forests, and people. Land revenue surveys helped them fix taxes, while census surveys classified people according to caste, religion, and occupation. Botanical and forest surveys mapped resources, and archaeological surveys recorded monuments. These surveys were important because they gave the British knowledge to strengthen their control over India. They used the data to collect taxes efficiently, exploit resources, and divide people into categories. However, surveys often reflected the British perspective rather than the reality of Indian life. Thus, while surveys created valuable records, they were mainly tools of colonial administration and control.
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