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When two dissimilar
atoms having different electronegativities combine to form a covalent bond, the
bond pair of electrons are not shared equally. The bond pair shifts towards the
nucleus of the atom having greater electronegativity. As a result, electron
distribution gets distorted and the electron cloud is displaced towards the
electronegative atom.
As a result, the
electronegative atom becomes slightly negatively charged while the other atom
becomes slightly positively charged. Thus, opposite poles are developed in the
molecule and this type of bond is called a polar covalent bond.
HCl, for example,
contains a polar covalent bond. Chlorine atoms are more electronegative than
hydrogen atoms. Hence, the bond pair lies towards chlorine and therefore, it
acquires a partial negative charge.
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